The diagnosis of CVDs begins with the history and physical examination of suspected patients. Then, an array of laboratory tests and imaging studies can be performed to confirm or exclude the diagnosis. Blood tests based on immunoassay platforms are used to detect the risk factors for CVDs. Electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are non-invasive tests that can be performed to evaluate the function of coronary arteries, assess blood flow to the heart, and look at heart function. Besides, cardiac catheterization is a gold standard conducted to assess whether blockages are present.
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